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Antike & historische Münzen in der Schweiz
Roman Empire – Trajan (AD 98–117)
As, bronze, Rome mint Description: Obverse with a heavily worn portrait of Trajan facing right; only the emperor’s name Traianus remains legible. Reverse completely worn and without identifiable type or legend. Despite the strong wear, the coin can be securely identified as an As based on its diameter and weight. Historical context: Trajan is regarded as one of the greatest Roman emperors, under whom the Empire reached its maximum territorial extent. Ases were everyday bronze coins that circulated extensively, which explains the severe wear often encountered on surviving examples. Such pieces illustrate the long and intensive use of small bronze denominations in Roman daily life.
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Trajan (AD 98–117)
Sestertius, Bronze, Rome mint Description: Obverse with laureate and draped bust of Trajan facing right; legend IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS VI P P. Reverse depicting Fortuna Redux seated left on a low chair, feet resting on a footstool, holding a rudder set on the ground in the right hand and a cornucopia in the left; legend SENATVS POPVLVSQVE ROMANVS, with S C in the field and FORT RED in the exergue. The reverse symbolizes safe return and the guiding fortune of the emperor. Historical context: Trajan, honored by the Senate as Optimus Princeps, led the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial expansion. Large bronze sestertii served as prominent vehicles of imperial propaganda. The depiction of Fortuna Redux relates to successful campaigns and the emperor’s safe return under divine protection.
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Trajan (AD 98–117)
Æ As / Dupondius, Rome mint Description: Obverse with laureate head of Trajan facing right; legend IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM P M. Reverse depicting Victory flying left with spread wings, holding a palm branch in the left hand and a shield inscribed SPQR in the right; legend TR POT COS IIII P P with S C in the field. The reverse celebrates military success sanctioned by the Senate and People of Rome. Historical context: Trajan is regarded as one of Rome’s greatest emperors and military commanders, under whom the Empire reached its maximum territorial expansion. His reign was marked by successful campaigns along the Rhine frontier and, most notably, the Dacian Wars, which resulted in the annexation of Dacia. Coin types featuring Victoria emphasize imperial victories and the close ideological link between the emperor, the Roman army, and the authority of the Senate (SPQR).
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Elagabalus (AD 218–222
Silver Denarius, Rome mint Description: Obverse with laureate bust of Elagabalus facing right, with imperial titulature. Reverse depicting Sol standing, raising the right hand in a gesture of blessing or power; legend P M TR P IIII COS III P P. The reverse emphasizes the emperor’s association with the solar deity and divine authority. Historical context: Elagabalus promoted the cult of the Syrian sun god Sol Elagabal as the supreme deity of the Roman state. Coin types featuring Sol reflect this religious policy and the emperor’s attempt to legitimize his rule through divine favor. His controversial reign ended in AD 222 with his assassination and subsequent damnatio memoriae.
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Septimius Severus (AD 193–211)
Silver Denarius, Rome mint Description: Obverse showing a laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right; the legend is partially worn but identifiable as SEVERVS AVG PART MAX. Reverse depicting Victory flying left, holding an open wreath above a shield set on a base; the reverse legend is not fully legible but corresponds to the type P M TR P VIII COS II P P. Both obverse and reverse are identifiable, though some details are indistinct due to wear. Historical context: The title PART MAX refers to Septimius Severus’ victories over the Parthian Empire and his image as a successful military commander. Coin types featuring Victory were used to celebrate these achievements and to legitimize imperial authority through military success. Such issues reflect the emperor’s efforts to emphasize stability and lasting glory after a period of civil war.
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Septimius Severus (AD 193–211)
Silver Denarius, Rome mint Description: Obverse with laureate head of Septimius Severus facing right; legend SEVERVS PIVS AVG. Reverse depicting Fortuna Redux seated, holding a rudder and a cornucopia; legend FORTVNA REDVX. The reverse symbolizes safe travel, divine guidance, and the fortunate return of the emperor. Historical context: Septimius Severus established the Severan dynasty after a period of civil war and political uncertainty. Coin types featuring Fortuna Redux were commonly issued in connection with imperial journeys or returns, emphasizing divine protection and stability. The imagery reflects the emperor’s effort to project security and continuity throughout the empire.
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Constantine I the Great, Bronze Follis (Nummus), Ticinum, SOLI INVICTO COMITI (AD 316)
Bronze follis (nummus) of Constantine I the Great, struck at the Ticinum mint. Obverse: Laureate bust of Constantine I facing right. Legend: IMP CONSTANTINVS P F AVG Reverse: Sol Invictus, radiate and nude except for a chlamys over the left shoulder, standing left, raising the right hand and holding a globe in the left. Legend: SOLI INVICTO COMITI Mintmark ST in exergue; cross in left field, star in right field. This issue is regarded as one of the earliest appearances of Christian symbolism on circulating coinage, marking a key moment in Constantine’s religious policy and imperial propaganda.
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Constantine I the Great, Follis, Alexandria, GLORIA EXERCITVS (c. AD 330–335)
Authentic ancient Roman bronze follis of Constantine I the Great, struck at the Alexandria mint during the later years of his reign. Obverse: Diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of Constantine I facing right. Legend: CONSTANTINVS AVG (variant). Reverse: Two legionary soldiers standing facing each other, each holding a spear and resting a hand on a shield; one military standard between them. Legend: GLORIA EXERCITVS Mintmark of Alexandria in the exergue. This celebrated reverse type honors the glory, unity, and loyalty of the Roman army, the central pillar of Constantine’s power and reforms.
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Tetricus I, Antoninianus, barbarous imitation (c. AD 271–274)
Barbarous imitation of an antoninianus of Tetricus I, produced during the final years of the Gallic Empire. These unofficial issues copy regular imperial coin types but were struck outside official mints. Obverse: Crude, stylized radiate bust facing right or left. Legend usually abbreviated, blundered, or rendered as a pseudo-legend. Reverse: Stylized standing figure holding attributes in both hands. Legend typically illegible or schematic, imitating official types such as PAX, SPES, SALVS, or VICTORIA. Such imitations were created to compensate for severe coin shortages and circulated widely as small change. Important evidence of the monetary and political instability of the late 3rd century.
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Postumus, Antoninianus (BI), Treveri / Trier (AD 260–269)
Billon antoninianus of Postumus, struck at the mint of Treveri (modern Trier) during his reign as emperor of the Gallic Empire. Obverse: Radiate bust of Postumus facing right, holding a club over the right shoulder; a lion’s skin draped over the left shoulder with strap across the heroically bare chest (Herculean type). Legend: POSTVMVS AVG Reverse: Pax standing left, holding a branch in her right hand and a sceptre in her left. Legend: PAX AVG This obverse type deliberately associates Postumus with Hercules, symbolizing strength and legitimacy, while the reverse emphasizes peace and stability under his rule. The Trier mint produced some of the finest and most iconographically ambitious issues of the Gallic Empire. Historical Context Postumus established the Gallic Empire in AD 260 amid the Crisis of the Third Century, ruling Gaul, Britain, and parts of Hispania independently from Rome. He maintained strong frontier defenses along the Rhine and promoted stability through effective administration. His coinage blends traditional Roman imagery with powerful personal symbolism, reinforcing his authority during a period of fragmentation.
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Tetricus I, Antoninianus (BI), Colonia Agrippinensium / Cologne (AD 271–274)
Billon antoninianus of Tetricus I, struck at the mint of Colonia Agrippinensium (modern Cologne) during the final years of the Gallic Empire. Obverse: Radiate, cuirassed bust of Tetricus I facing right. Legend: IMP TETRICVS PF AVG Reverse: Salus standing left, holding a patera in the right hand and a rudder in the left, feeding a serpent rising from an altar (altar sometimes absent depending on die). Legend: SALVS AVGG This reverse type emphasizes the health and well-being of the emperors (Augusti), a common propagandistic theme during the politically unstable final phase of the Gallic Empire. Cologne issues of Tetricus I are characterized by simplified engraving and billon fabric typical of the Crisis of the Third Century. Historical Context Tetricus I ruled as the last emperor of the Gallic Empire during a period of severe military and economic stress. His reign ended in AD 274 when he surrendered to Emperor Aurelian, leading to the reintegration of the western breakaway empire into the Roman state. Coins such as this illustrate both the ideological messaging and the declining monetary standards of the late 3rd century.
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Gallienus, Antoninianus, Antioch, VIRTVS AVG (AD 253–268)
Roman silvered antoninianus of Emperor Gallienus, struck at the mint of Antioch during the mid–3rd century AD. Obverse: Radiate, draped and cuirassed bust of Gallienus facing right. Legend: GALLIENVS AVG Reverse: Virtus standing left, holding a shield and spear; star in the upper left field. Legend: VIRTVS AVG This issue emphasizes imperial courage and military strength during a period of intense external threats and internal instability. The Antioch mint is known for distinctive stylistic features, including the use of control marks such as stars in the field. Well-defined example of a Crisis of the Third Century antoninianus. Historical Context Gallienus ruled during one of the most turbulent periods of Roman history, marked by invasions, civil wars, and economic disruption. Despite these challenges, he introduced important military reforms and relied heavily on cavalry forces. Coins bearing the Virtus type reinforced the emperor’s image as a courageous and capable military leader at a time when imperial authority was under constant pressure.
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